The Communist Manifesto

by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

(Full Version, English)

Acts of Thought – Part 2: Thinking The In-between

In response to a previous abbreviated version of comments I made in my last post Adam wrote:

I’m basically in agreement with everything you’re saying, and I apologize for not highlighting more clearly the points you make above (something I chalk up to the brevity of my little excerpt). Some quick points that will need to be developed elsewhere: I don’t mean ideas in the neoplatonic sense. Rather, I’m fully with you Michael when you write:

“The projection of ideas are expressions and speech-acts (gesture) with consequences. That is, imaginal projections (ideas) only ever have potency/agency in the context of (and amplified by) specific elements with ecologies of written words, books, linguistic conventions, individual speech-acts of hominids, and cultural images.”

But it’s precisely the mobility of ideas that strikes me here: they may always originate in human speech acts (or writings, compositions etc.) but it’s the recursivity of what Whitehead calls “modes of thought” that I am particularly interested in. Ideas are something that humans do, precisely as you describe, but I also want to argue that they are (in)formative of psyches and subjectivities beyond the initial act of doing, and that this activity constitutes an active ecology of ideas when placed within the context of communities of thinking-speaking-acting humans. [source]

To a certain extent I agree with Adam that ideologies (in the broadest sense of this term) ‘inform’ our thinking, or acts of thought, but what I want to avoid is the suggestion that ideas are somehow distinct or independent entities from the ongoing interplay (enaction) between animals and their artifacts (words, symbols, images). This might seem like a minor difference in emphasis, but I think we need to be very precise because it is exactly the issue of thinking in-between-ness that is important here. If, as I argue, ideation is primarily a non-local result of the living engagement of imaginative humans with nonhumans, as opposed to interactions with supposedly autonomous chunks of information, then we need to begin thinking differently about how individual subjectivity works in relation to, among other issues, political cognition.

For example, if ideas are dependent upon and enacted by living bodies relating to other entities then we must pay greater attention to the ecological-relational and material conditions within which our experiences and acts of thought are generated. Thinking the precise nature of the ‘in-between-ness’ or compositional character of ideation and embodied semiotics is a prerequisite for effectively tracking and then changing the conditions in which we exist together. That is to say eco-material 'infrastructure' as the immanent plane of consistency and relationality matters. Ideas are not actants/objects/agents but instead are the enacted phantasies of animals living in particular socio-material conditions.

Adam continiues:

We agree on some of these points very closely, but where I take off in a different direction from your assessment follows from your statement that:

“We are animals coping in the world with practical communication and social gestures embedded within modes of existence which have their own historically evolved language-games. And by reifying our acts of thought as “things” we reduce the complexity involved and needlessly obfuscate what is essentially a distributed body-brain-culture-community event.”

I think by acknowledging the presence of ideas as real artifacts in the constitution of experience, I’m honoring complexity not detracting from it. Further, by pointing to the thing-liness of the idea I am precisely calling out the ways in which ideas are deeply embedded in situated processes of human-matter-media perception, and my aim is to explore in an experimental/ecological way the manners in which specific modes of thinking carve out the always-more complex world in which we live and act. The crux for me is that it matters what kinds of ideas and concepts we use to think about and act within the world; the idea is an ecological event with ecological consequences that must be understood as an actor if subjectivity is to be adequately theorized from an ecological perspective. [source]

 Again, I think the nuances here are important. Ideas are not artifacts unless they are actual images (symbols, photographs, etc) or texts (articles, books, poems, policy manuals) or devices. It is through our acts of thought and body that we generate objects/artifacts capable of triggering imaginal-emotional-neurological responses, but the power and potency of such artifacts are not a feature of some intrinsic and autonomous properties or capacity of ideas as such, but rather a function of their entanglement and distributed activation within meshes of biological memory and social convention. Ideas, then, do not form or inform their own ecologies but are part of a more general integrated material-energetic and imaginal ecology of things. And figuring out the distributed, non-local dynamics of such enactive contexts allows humans to begin behaving, manipulating and adapting in more creative ways.

Acts of Thought - Part 1: Ideation as Distributed Activity

The following comments were provoked by an email from a very resourceful friend regarding a recent series of excerpts (here and here) by Adam at Knowledge Ecology. And please bear with me here as I'm struggling to articulate much of what I want to express on these issues.

First let me say, without a doubt, Adam and I hold some very similar positions on what we interpret as the processual, evolving and ecological nature of things. And, as I have stated in the past, I don’t think I have ever met someone as young as Adam who has such a rare combination of intelligence, compassion and character. I follow his blog religiously and I will track his progress and academic work well into the future.

However Adam and I also hold some strongly conflicting views (specifically about panexperientialism, object-oriented philosophy, materialism and Whitehead) - which is fine as far as it goes, because I don’t presume to have definitive knowledge about all the issues, or even be completely on target about what I think I know. I am often more interested in exploring the issues on which I disagree with someone than when I agree with them - if only because I find it more productive to consider what they know that I may have missed and/or if my beliefs are self-consistent enough to withstand scrutiny from opposing views. In short, I learn more from discussions with those I disagree with than the opposite. Adam just happens to be one of those thinkers who I find a lot of common ground with but who also challenges me to rethink my position on major topics. And so the following comments are meant in the spirit of mutual exploration and inquiry.

Adam writes:

Knowledge ecologies have important implications for how we think about ideas. In the world of human knowledge, the idea acts as a cosmogram; an actor that is part of its surrounding terrain, an abstraction that is part of the territory it describes, exerting a pull on the world it tries to map. Ideas are things that, once generated by the thinker, immediately gain their own autonomy and ability to re-arrange other ideas. Plainly stated, ideas exist in the world in the same way as any other ecological actor; ideas are a part of the actuality of experience and are therefore amenable to an ecological interpretation. When mediated through the appropriate media ecologies, ideas can then impact the physical form of any other entity within their reach. As an abstraction, the idea is also a cryptogram, concealing certain features of the terrain it helps to enact. The contrast between the revealing and concealing character of the idea speaks to the fact that no single mode of thought has a monopoly on the real; rather, every idea is partial and relative to its ecology, capable only of exposing certain features of a more complex landscape. In this way knowledge ecology has a complex relationship to media ecology since both are actively foregrounding and backgrounding different aspects of a more complex reality. [source]

I’m not at all comfortable with the notion that ideas are objects. Ideas seem to me more like something actors do, as expressions of objects, than things or actors as such. Of course it all depends on what we are willing to call an object. The first question that I would ask someone who believes ideas to be objects is where exactly is an idea? What place do ideas occupy in space-time? What are their components? For something to be a thing I believe it has to have location, 'simple' or otherwise.

Alternatively, I believe ideas are enacted and associative images (cf. imagination, imaginal) instantiated and projected by bodies/brains viz. the deployment of pubic languages/symbolics. As Wittgenstein argued, there are no "private languages". The linguistic tokens (signifiers) we use to perform our thought-acts and speech-acts are embedded in conventional and historical (cultural) systems and we necessarily derive our conceptual content from this reservoir of semantic resources and normative associations. Therefore ideas are actually private imaginings and recombinations of public (social) referents. Such private imaginings are fleeting and ephemeral products without substantial properties of their own, and only ever arising from and instantiated by specific assemblages of bodies, brains, codes, concepts, memories, habits and communications. Ideas are not objects, anymore than digestion or emotions are. Ideation is something animals do.
 
Now one might be tempted to label me an eliminativist in this regard (which is fine as far as that goes), but I certainly don’t believe our ideas and beliefs are without bearing on the world, nor do I deny that our imaginations extend the strictly physical capacities of the human body. I think humans, and most animals, have complex phenomenological lives (qualia) that cannot be reduced via appeals to the activity of the brain alone. To explain precisely why I suggest that the qualitative, imaginal aspects of experience are irreducible, and exactly how imagination emerges from matter to be an extension of material is a massive endeavor not possible here. However, an ultra-brief, somewhat fuzzy sketch might run something like this:

Human’s love their phantasies. Endowed with big brains and socially evolved circuitous libidos, language-use evolved and emerged from more primitive capacities for gestural expression and communication. Proto-humans slowly added grunts and tonal sounds to our strictly physical, non-verbal gestures and expressions over a long period of time. Eventually those grunts (acoustic gestures) and manners of communicating became habituated and socially recognized norms of reference (with variable affective triggers and resonations), which in turn allowed collective reference to become collective memories and systems of tokened conventional signification ('culture'). Such social and habitual referencing and communicating forms what Geertz, following Max Weber, referred to as “webs of signification”.

At some point during this evolution of signification metaphor and image began to afford useful (adaptive) enough abstraction that 1) our brain's configuration fundamentally changed such that 2) our experience the world was drastically altered. Our ancestors started to generate elaborate mental associations and imaginal projections and combinations, which in turn gave rise to increasingly bulky narratives, mythologies, ideologies, cave paintings and whole sets of transmissible artifacts of thought (e.g., hieroglyph, writing, etc.). That is, our mental projections/phantasies can and often do become static or captivated or fermented as artifacts through the fashioning of explicit images, symbols, writing, and other physical representations. It is these dead representations, these tokens of phantasy (of which ‘fantasy’ in the pejorative sense is only a sub-species), that become the objects of our consideration. These artifacts, paintings, books, films, and objects are fully ecological, agentic assemblages, and part of the wider materiality and relationality of things - and so become part of the distributed network of sensitivities from which we draw our experience.

With this advance in conceptuality we started a great love affair with our own thoughts and phantasies, which culminated in all sorts of folk-ontologies and collective imaginings that objectified thought as 'thing'. These personal and collective conceptions/stories we tell each other about how the non-conceptual, nonhuman world works become orthodoxies of arrogance, unrecognizable as the secondary tokens of imagination that they truly are. This is also how we began to mistake our conceptions for our perceptions.

What is important in my story of the rise of conceptuality here is that ideation, as phantasy or imagination, is an emergent capacity for gestural expression, not to be identified or equated with the symbolic tokens and actifacts that are produced by such capacities. The activity of thought is an imaginal act: something we do and engage in. Acts of thought are elaborations of the primitive gestures of embodied animal relations embedded in extensive networks of brain/body, environmental and interpersonal processes. So in no sense is an ‘idea’ a fully autonomous (withdrawn) object within this network. Ideas, like the languages they emerge from, cannot be things in their own right because they require and only ever  exist within wider assemblages of sociality and biology. Ecologies of signification and imagination cannot be differentiated from the social and material context in which they exist. What Adam calls 'knowledge ecologies', then, are inseparable from those aspects of the more general and distributed ecology of matter, energy and expression.

Adam writes:

While knowledge ecologies are not exclusive to humans, it is in the context of the human that we find the explosion of many new knowledge ecologies (e.g., worldviews, paradigms, ideologies, myths, and other subtle ecosystems) exerting their own gravitational pull upon other actualities of experience. To be sure, an idea may not have the physical substantiality of a hammer or submarine, but it would be difficult to argue that ideas don’t impact the material conditions of the entities around them. In many cases it is an idea (neoliberal economics, for example) that is the decisive factor in generating relations between humans and nonhumans. A study of knowledge ecologies would thus include the role ideas, worldviews, paradigms, or ideologies play in co-shaping human and more-than-human worlds. [source]

So what are ideas if not actual substances? Are they Platonic forms? If, as I argue above, ideas are individual and collective associative-projections deploying pubic concepts and embedded within complex configurations of materiality, media and social relation, then it is not ideas which "impact the material conditions of the entities around them", but the specific acts of thought and communication (expressions) of particular material entities. Which is to say, imagining-bodies act and communicate and express in ways that affect, resonate with, coordinate or conflict with other entities and ecological systems. Ideas do not have agency or thing-power imagining bodies do. And if we want to study the power of group thinking and discourse then we must investigate what imaginative bodies actually do and say; we have to understand human expressions and acts of thought in the contexts they occur.

As Cowley states:

While many take language to be 'real', I regard this as misleading. Instead, it is traced to a meshwork of dynamical processes, imagination and how we use heterogeneous artefacts. Language, like mind, is a social product. Thus, as children, we come to take a language stance. Rejecting the tradition of idealizing language away from behaviour, I distinguish the dynamics of human dialogue from the second-order cultural constructs (words and meanings) emphasized in structuralist traditions. Language, on this view, is triply grounded: it connects embrained bodies, cultural processes and first-person phenomenology. [source]

In some sense, maybe, ideas could be better understood as hyperobjects – massively distributed in time-space and only locally manifested in partial ways. But even if this is the case I would still argue that ideas and ideologies (as larger sets of ideas) are still only aspects of a wider, integrated and more complex ecology, and not ecologies in their own right. Ideas are always already implicated in more general regimes of attraction.

But perhaps it’s a problem of vocabulary? A problem of misplaced nouns? I agree with Adam that ideas do have impact in the world, but, again, they do so not as 'objects', but through the expressions or actions of real material entities and their artifacts (e.g., as written symbols, books, blueprints, policy manuals, laws, etc.). The projection of ideas as expressions and speech-acts (gestures) certainly have consequence. But ideation (as acts of thought) is an embodied, enacted and ecologically implicated activity, not to be confused with the artifacts of its process.

We are animals coping in the world with practical communication and social gestures embedded within modes of existence which have their own historically evolved language-games. And by reifying our acts of thought as “things” we reduce the complexity involved and needlessly obfuscate what is essentially a distributed body-brain-culture-community event.

Demystifying the Higgs Boson

From Open Culture:

Demystifying the Higgs Boson with Leonard Susskind, the Father of String Theory in Physics | September 6th, 2012


In early July, researchers working at CERN in Europe announced they had found it — the Higgs Boson. Finally, we had proof of a theory first formulated in 1964. It was a big day. Physicists everywhere rejoiced. The media did too. But the media coverage didn’t help the public understand the discovery very well. Leonard Susskind, a prominent theoretical physicist at Stanford, realized that. So, days later, he gave a free public lecture where he explained how the Higgs mechanism works and what it actually means to “give mass to particles.” And it all involved taking his audience through some basic quantum mechanics and explaining the concept of fields, plus using a handy-dandy sombrero for a prop. You can watch the full presentation above.

John Searle on Consciousness and Causality

John R. Searle is an American philosopher and currently the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. Widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind and social philosophy, he began teaching at Berkeley in 1959. About "consciousness" Searle argues for a view he calls biological naturalism, which holds that consciousness is BOTH a real subjective experience and caused by the physical processes of the brain. He often compares subjective activity to digestion - i.e. something that a body endowed with certain organs does. Consciousness, for Searle, is not mysterious nor abstract, but just what brains in environments do.

Searle introduced the technical term the Background in his book, Intentionality: An Essay in the Philosophy of Mind (1983). Searle calls the Background the set of abilities, capacities, tendencies, and dispositions that humans have and that are not themselves intentional states. Thus, when someone asks us to "cut the cake" we know to use a knife and when someone asks us to "cut the grass" we know to use a lawnmower (and not vice versa), even though the actual request did not include this detail. Searle sometimes supplements his reference to the Background with the concept of the Network, one's network of other beliefs, desires, and other intentional states necessary for any particular intentional state to make sense. Searle argues that the concept of a Background is similar to the concepts provided by several other thinkers, including Wittgenstein's private language argument ("the work of the later Wittgenstein is in large part about the Background") and Bourdieu's habitus.

And I argue that an apprehension the Background reveals both a deep biological unconsciousness that limits and liberates thought, and a radical sociophysical consistency ("the Great Outdoors") at the heart of subjectivity. Confronting the Background conceptually and phenomenologically gives way to an experience of the auto-affectivity of the body as flesh embedded in a consequential world.

Below is Searle's 2012 talk 'Consciousness and Causality' delivered at this summer's Evolution and Function of Consciousness Summer School held at the University of Montreal as part of Alan Turing Year.
Here Searle presents many of his classical arguments about human subjectivity. Check it out:


 

James Scott - The Art of Not Being Governed

From Yale University:

The author of several books including Seeing Like a State and Domination and the Arts of Resistance, Anthropologist and university Professor James Scott's research concerns political economy, comparative agrarian societies, theories of hegemony and resistance, peasant politics, revolution, Southeast Asia, theories of class relations and anarchism. We talk with Professor Scott about his newest book, The Art of Not Being Governed. It is the first-ever examination of the volumes of literature on state-making that evaluates why people would deliberately remain stateless.

James Scott, is Sterling Professor of Political Science, Professor of Anthropology, and Co-director of the Agrarian Studies Program at Yale University

On Fighting and Philosophy

Recently my good friend and talented artist Aurelio Madrid asked if he could interview me about my experiences and background in both Mixed Martial-Arts (MMA) and academics. At first I was hesitant – enjoying my near total anonymity with regards to online affairs – but upon reflection I started thinking it might be a nice opportunity for me to think biographically for a change, as I am near pathologically anti-nostalgic, especially about my own life. The here and now is where all the action is. So Aurelio and I set to work, exchanged a few emails and the result of that conversation can be found on Aurelio’s blog HERE for anyone interested.

In retrospect I think I could have answered his questions a little more succinctly, but what comes through is perhaps a slice of who I am and where I am coming from. As I come to the end of my fighting career I am realizing just how much I have learned from martial-arts. Wisdom is the achievement of engaged bodies - beings fully of this world; and philosophy is more than reading books and measuring words: it is lived.

Below is an excerpt of me talking about embodied realism from the interview:

I think the most important philosophical insight I have had from combat sports came to me directly after my first loss in the cage. I competed against a much more experienced and dedicated fighter and was beaten pretty soundly despite going the full three rounds. A few days afterwards, I was reading some article on radical skepticism and Kant, and it struck me as so completely and brutally absurd that anyone could ever claim that humans do not have the capacity for direct experiential access to objects as such. Basically, here I was unintentionally beaten, bruised and deeply and emotionally affected while some professor sitting in some library was dreaming and writing about how humans do not directly experience things-in-themselves. Well, my experience and the state of my body demonstrated quite the opposite. What fighting has proved to me – beyond any sort of linguistic demonstration or logical construction – is that entities external to my perception and control have direct access to my substantial being. The plane of action is immanent. Not only did I experience my opponent’s powers cognitively but a felt them structurally, in the way he was able to intervene on my existence and disable (temporarily) certain aspects of my characteristic functionality. Never had I felt so affected. So I know that objects and entities can and do have direct and highly consequential contacts with each other. Realism is THE default position for anyone who experiences the world as a whole/embodied being. Ontologically speaking, we are open and vulnerable systems. After five minutes in a locked cage with a trained opponent, I believe anyone would become a realist…

Read the Full Interview: HERE



Please note that the picture above is from Seattle based photographer Adam Smith. Check out his amazing body of work: here and on Tumblr: here. Comments, questions and/or trolling are more than welcome.

Thus Spake Santayana

Once upon a time I considered in all seriousness doing a dissertation on the work of George Santayana – specifically his epistemology and thoughts on “animal faith”.

In the past Santayana was often included in lists of American pragmatists, but more recently scholars have refined that view to include an appreciation for the uniqueness of his contributions. As a philosopher Santayana's literary elegance masked a rigorous commitment to clear and distinct thought; he was a humble materialist when it was not in fashion and a skeptic at a time when most of his contemporaries clamored to pronounce their claim on Truth. According to Santayana, “scepticism is an exercise, not a life; it is a discipline fit to purify the mind of prejudice and render it all the more apt, when the time comes, to believe and to act wisely” (1923: 69).

From the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:

Santayana's anti-foundationalism, non-reductive materialism, and pragmatic naturalism coupled with his emphasis on the spiritual life and his view of philosophy as literature anticipated many developments in philosophy and literary criticism that occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century, and these served as a challenge to the more humanistic naturalisms of John Dewey and other American naturalists.

In a few words: I believe Santayana’s time has not yet come.

“I have a great respect for orthodoxy; not for those orthodoxies which prevail in particular schools or nations, and which vary from age to age, but for a certain shrewd orthodoxy which the sentiment and practice of laymen maintain everywhere. I think that common sense, in a rough dogged way, is technically sounder than the special schools of philosophy, each of which squints and overlooks half the facts and half the difficulties in its eagerness to finding some detail the key to the whole. I am animated by distrust of all high guesses, and by sympathy with the old prejudices and workaday opinions of mankind: they are ill expressed, but they are well grounded. What novelty my version of things may possess is meant simply to obviate occasions for sophistry by giving to everyday beliefs a more accurate and circumspect form. I do not pretend to place myself at the heart of the universe nor at its origin, nor to draw its periphery. I would lay siege to the truth only as animal exploration and fancy may do so, first from one quarter and then from another, expecting the reality to be not simpler than my experience of it, but far more extensive and complex. I stand in philosophy exactly where I stand in daily life…” [Santayana 1923]

It seems to me those who quietly track the triumph of tangible realities over speculative fancy are not only the most practical of humans but also the wisest:

“[M]y materialism, for all that, is not metaphysical. I do not profess to know what matter is in itself, and feel no confidence in the divination of those esprits forts who, leading a life of vice, thought the universe must be composed of nothing but dice and billiard-balls. I wait for the men of science to tell me what matter is, in so far as they can discover it, and am not at all surprised or troubled at the abstractness and vagueness of their ultimate conceptions : how should our notions of things so remote from the scale and scope of our senses be anything but schematic ? But whatever matter may be, I call it matter boldly, as I call my acquaintances Smith and Jones without knowing their secrets : whatever it may be, it must present the aspects and undergo the motions of the gross objects that fill the world : and if belief in the existence of hidden parts and movements in nature be metaphysics, then the kitchen-maid is a metaphysician whenever she peels a potato.” [Santayana 1923]

Learn more about Santayana’s legacy: here, here and here

UPDATE: More Santayana Aphorisms

“A conception not reducible to the small change of daily experience is like a currency not exchangeable for articles of consumption; it is not a symbol, but a fraud.”

“All living souls welcome whatever they are ready to cope with; all else they ignore, or pronounce to be monstrous and wrong, or deny to be possible.”

“Let a man once overcome his selfish terror at his own infinitude, and his infinitude is, in one sense, overcome.”

“Chaos is a name for any order that produces confusion in our minds.”

“Fashion is something barbarous, for it produces innovation without reason and imitation without benefit.”

“My atheism, like that of Spinoza, is true piety towards the universe and denies only gods fashioned by men in their own image, to be servants of their human interests.”

“Fanaticism consists of redoubling your effort when you have forgotten your aim.”

#santayana

Kingdom Come?

Selina Kyle: There's a storm coming, Mr. Wayne. You and your friends better batten down the hatches, because when it hits, you're all gonna wonder how you ever thought you could live so large and leave so little for the rest of us.

Bruce Wayne: You sound like you're looking forward to it.

Selina Kyle: I'm adaptable.




#darkestbeforethestorm

Spread Anarchy, Live Communism?

The question of anarchism as a viable poltical stance has always bothered me. I tend towards a more communistic, collectivist political perspective, but perhaps what is called for under the contemporary conditions is something more deconstructive and wild? This remains an open question for me.

Audio from day two of the 2011 symposium The Anarchist Turn:

Spread Anarchy, Live Communism
By The Invisible Committee

LISTEN HERE:

Information about the symposium from the conference organizers:

For a long time, the word ‘anarchist’ has been used as an insult. This is because, at least since Thomas Hobbes, the concept of anarchy has been extended from its etymological meaning (absence of centralized government) to that of pure disorder – the idea being that, without a sovereign state, the life of individuals can only be brutish, miserable, and chaotic. This move was certainly functional to the ideological justification of modern sovereign states, but not to an understanding of what anarchy might be.

In the last decade, this caricature of anarchy has begun to crack. Globalization and the social movements it spawned seem to have proved what anarchists have long been advocating: an anarchical order is not just desirable, but also feasible. This has led to a revitalized interest in the subterranean anarchist tradition and its understanding of anarchy as collective self-organization without centralized authority. But the ban on ‘anarchism’ has not yet been lifted.

The aim of this conference is to argue for an ‘anarchist turn’ in political philosophy. We want to discuss the anarchist hypothesis with specific reference to the philosophical tradition in its many historical and geographical variants, but also in relation to other disciplines like politics, anthropology, economics, history and sociology. By bringing together academics and activists, past and present, this conference will assess the nature and effectiveness of anarchist politics in our times.

Speakers: Miguel Abensour (Paris VII), Cinzia Arruzza (New School), Banu Bargu (New School), Chiara Bottici (New School), Judith Butler (UC Berkeley), Laura Corradi (Calabria), Stephen Duncombe (NYU), Todd May (Clemson), Alberto Toscano (Goldsmiths), Mitchell Verter (New School), Stephanie Wakefield (CUNY), as well as writers such as Andrej Grubačić , Cindy Milstein, Ben Morea from Black Mask and alleged authors of The Coming Insurrection.

Learn More: Here